DeVoss, J. &Wadsley, M. (2021). The Applicability of the Crucial Cs Across Relational Models in Developmental Trauma. JIP, 77, 165-178.

Lack of explanation of the nature of developmental trauma in the description of post-traumatic stress and stress-related trauma in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) can be overcome by the shared understanding of complex trauma as a basis for treatment. Individual Psychology offers a holistic biopsychosocial perspective of trauma and complex trauma in a social context. The Crucial Cs, from Individual Psychology, in association with other current relational theories and treatment models, support therapeutic engagement, initial assessment, and periodic reviews. The Cs, known as "four vital protections" (Lew & Bettner, 2010), assist the psychotherapist in meeting clients' relational needs. Clients and psychotherapists use them to understand losses, deficiencies, impasses, and vulnerabilities. Life priorities, personality styles, and prosocial coping strategies emerge within post-traumatic growth.